一、定语从句概念

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词后。

 二、定语从句的关系词

既然定语从句相当于形容词，就必须修饰名词或代词或者句子。既然是从句，必须有个“头领”——引导词。因此，构成如下：

引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

 三、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。

非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

按照四个步骤合并两个简单句。

a. This is the house. b. I was born here.

1）主从。根据句意和逻辑关系，a句是主句，b句是从句。

2）指代。here 指代the house. This is the house. I was born here.

3）替换。用关系副词where替换here。This is the house. I was bornhere.

4) 移位。把where移到从句句首。This is the house where I was born.

从以上转换可以看出，关系副词where替换了地点副词here，既在定语从句中作地点状语，又连接定语从句。

如果把b句中的地点副词here换成表地点的介词短语in the house。按照以上四步合并如下，

This is the house in which I was born.

与前句This is the house where I was born.对比我们可以得出结论：关系副词=相应介词+which

注意：when, where = 相应介词+which why= for which

whose+n=the+n.+of which/whom

关系词的用法：

1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)

2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)

注意:

(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词 +which/whom”结构。例如:

This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。

(2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

(4)关系词只能用that的情况:

a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?

c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.

例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

h.有两个定语从句时，其中一个宜用which，另外一个宜用that。如：

They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.

I .当先行词在主句中作表语。而关系代词在从句中也作表语时，如：

Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.

(5) 关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:

a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

d.先行词后面有插入语时，只用which不用that。

Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.

（6）as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式；

a. such+名词+as.. b. such(pron)+as c.the same +名词+as

四、关系副词的用法

（一）当关系代词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when=表示间的介词（如：in，at，on,during等）+which；where=表地点的介词（如：in,at,on,under等）+which；why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which.如：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing . (when=on which)

Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)

Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)

（二）where/when=介词+关系代词which，有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，如：China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.

(三)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。

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