剑桥MSE考试培训中心:「定于从句」的精讲和精炼
一、定语从句概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词后。
二、定语从句的关系词
既然定语从句相当于形容词,就必须修饰名词或代词或者句子。既然是从句,必须有个“头领”——引导词。因此,构成如下:
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。
限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。
非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
按照四个步骤合并两个简单句。
a. This is the house. b. I was born here.
1)主从。根据句意和逻辑关系,a句是主句,b句是从句。
2)指代。here 指代the house. This is the house. I was born here.
3)替换。用关系副词where替换here。This is the house. I was bornhere.
4) 移位。把where移到从句句首。This is the house where I was born.
从以上转换可以看出,关系副词where替换了地点副词here,既在定语从句中作地点状语,又连接定语从句。
如果把b句中的地点副词here换成表地点的介词短语in the house。按照以上四步合并如下,
This is the house in which I was born.
与前句This is the house where I was born.对比我们可以得出结论:关系副词=相应介词+which
注意:when, where = 相应介词+which why= for which
whose+n=the+n.+of which/whom
关系词的用法:
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词 +which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2) 含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.
例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
h.有两个定语从句时,其中一个宜用which,另外一个宜用that。如:
They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.
I .当先行词在主句中作表语。而关系代词在从句中也作表语时,如:
Shanghai is no longer the city that is used to be.
(5) 关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
d.先行词后面有插入语时,只用which不用that。
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help you improve your English.
(6)as引导限制性定语从句常用下列句式;
a. such+名词+as.. b. such(pron)+as c.the same +名词+as
四、关系副词的用法
(一)当关系代词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表示间的介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which.如:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing . (when=on which)
Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)
Do you know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)
(二)where/when=介词+关系代词which,有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等,如:China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Korea,Thailand and India.
(三)关系副词when,where可用于非限制性定语从句中,而关系副词why不可以。
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